Lessons from land warfare: One year of war in Ukraine

Abstract：After the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022, large-scale and even nuclear war in Europe is no longer inconceivable. Today, European armed forces are neither equipped nor prepared for high intensity-warfare. While strategic autonomy remains an ambition, it still is far from being real. American capabilities stay essential for the defence of European territory against Russian aggression. Meanwhile, as Washington’s focus is shifting to the Indo-Pacific, European countries now look at how to rebuild their defence capabilities. What preliminary lessons can they learn?